15 okt. 2024
Altenburger, LM. et al. (BioRxiv)
Keywords
CD8+ T cell differentiation
CCR7 signaling
T cell-dendritic cell interactions
Main Findings
Prolonged contact between T cells and DCs leads to sustained T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, which results in dysfunctional effector CD8+ T cells characterized by high expression of inhibitory receptors (e.g., PD-1, Lag3) and reduced cytotoxic capabilities. However, understanding how the CD8+ T- dendritic cell (DC) interactions are timed within lymphoid tissue is poorly understood. This study identifies and characterizes CCR7 as a novel chemokine checkpoint in lymphoid tissues that governs CD8+ T cell activation and functionality by controlling the duration of interactions between naive CD8+ T cells and DCs.
After observing significant differences in the duration of TCR engagement and subsequent CD8+ T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, the authors hypothesized that lymphoid tissue microenvironment must contain checkpoints that promote CD8+ T cell detachment. They identified that ligands for the CCR7 receptor, secreted by lymphoid stromal cells, primarily CCL19 and CCL21, played a pivotal role in regulating these interactions using transwell migration assays and intravital imaging.
The proposed mechanism involves CCR7 ligand-mediated relocalization of the F-actin-promoting factor DOCK2 away from the immunological synapse, which physically disrupts T cell-DC adhesion. This regulatory pathway ensures that activation signals are temporally integrated without excessive or prolonged stimulation, thereby safeguarding effector T cell functionality. Importantly, this checkpoint is disrupted in conditions of chronic inflammation or tumor-associated lymphoid tissues, where CCR7 ligand levels are diminished. Under these conditions, T cells fail to detach appropriately, resulting in suboptimal immune responses.
Lastly, the authors characterized the functional state of effector CD8+ T cells after various durations of TCR engagement at both the transcriptome and proteome level. They found that cells with prolonged interaction with antigen presenting DCs led to an increase in dysfunctional/exhaustion markers including Pdcd1, Lag3, and Cd200. However, the greatest differences were found between dethatched and non-dethatched CD8+ T cells.
The study's findings are significant for understanding how lymphoid stromal cells contribute to adaptive immunity by serving as both facilitators of clonal T cell expansion and protectors against T cell exhaustion. This chemokine-driven checkpoint highlights a new layer of immune regulation that is distinct from classical immune checkpoints like PD-1 and CTLA-4, as it acts upstream of transcriptional regulation. These insights have practical implications for optimizing T cell-based immunotherapies, suggesting that mimicking this chemokine signaling during ex vivo T cell activation could improve their therapeutic efficacy and durability in treating infections, cancer, and other immune-related diseases.
Limitations
In Vivo Complexity: The study primarily focuses on controlled in vitro and in vivo models, which may not fully replicate the complexity of chronic inflammation or tumor environments.
Generalizability: Findings rely on very specific antigen-T cell receptor (TCR) interactions (e.g., OVA257-264) and may not generalize across diverse antigenic contexts.
Incomplete assays for detachment. Many of the conclusions in the manuscript rely on the assumptions that CD8+ T-DC co-localization and CD8+ T cell migration are a surrogate measurement of detachment.
Significance/Novelty
This study provides novel insights into how lymphoid stromal chemokines act as temporal regulators of CD8+ T cell activation, a critical step for generating functional effector T cells. The identification of CCR7-mediated disruption of T cell-DC interactions represents a previously unrecognized immune checkpoint mechanism, highlighting the importance of the lymphoid tissue microenvironment in shaping adaptive immunity. These findings have significant translational potential for improving immunotherapy protocols, particularly in designing ex vivo T cell activation strategies to optimize their efficacy and longevity in cancer treatment.
Recommendations
Expand the Diversity of TCR Models: Test additional antigen-TCR combinations beyond OVA257-264 to demonstrate that the findings generalize across different antigenic contexts.
Confirm assay assumptions. The authors should include additional experiments to confirm that co-localization and CD8+ T cell migration are feasible measurements to estimate actual CD8+ T-DC interactions.
Control for Environmental Factors: Use additional controls to distinguish the effects of chemokine signaling from other microenvironmental factors influencing T cell functionality.
Include Tumor Models: Test the CCR7 checkpoint mechanism in tumor-draining lymph nodes or cancer models to explore implications for immunotherapy.
Mechanistic Insights into Dysfunction: Investigate the epigenetic or metabolic changes associated with prolonged T cell-DC interactions to better define the pathways leading to T cell dysfunction.
Credit
Reviewed by Shelley Herbrich as part of a cross-institutional journal club between the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, the University of Oxford, the Karolinska Institute, the University of Toronto and MD Anderson Cancer Center.
The author declares no conflict of interests in relation to their involvement in the review.